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To a certain degree, Grätzel cells and perovskite cells are modelled after nature. The operating principle of Grätzel cells imitates photosynthesis, whilst it's also fundamentally similar in some ways to traditional silicon cells. In plants, sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules in leaves and used to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose, the plant’s energy. In a Grätzel cell, the leaf is replaced with a porous layer of titanium oxide nanoparticles, and chlorophyll with a molecular dye covering the nanoparticles. According to Lund, much has been accomplished in advancing cell technology at Aalto University with funding provided by the Academy of Finland. Thanks to the funding, Finnish research is now internationally esteemed and at a level that invites cooperation between Aalto University researchers and world-leading teams. For example, researchers at Aalto are currently collaborating with Michael Grätzel’s research group, the first developers of the che...